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Muhammad restricted the traditional means of enslavement, and urged compassion and moderation as the general rule for their treatment. He enforced emancipation as the necessary atonement for having assaulted one's slave without just cause,〔http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/143-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2015.%20Oath/12408-sahih-muslim-book-015-hadith-number-4082.html Sahih Muslim Book 015, Hadith Number 4082.〕 and he deemed manumission as either meritorious or as a means or requirement for Muslims to earn forgiveness for serious transgressions.〔http://quran.com/4/92 Surat An-Nisā' (The Women) 4:92〕〔http://quran.com/58/3 Surat Al-Mujādila (The Pleading Woman) 58:3〕 Many early converts to Islam were the poor and former slaves like Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi, and Muhammad would send his companions like Abu Bakr and Uthman ibn Affan to buy slaves to free.〔The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English By Ali Ünal Page 1323 ()〕〔Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, Slaves and Slavery〕〔Bilal b. Rabah, Encyclopedia of Islam〕〔The Cambridge History of Islam (1977), p.36〕 Muhammad's pronouncements regarding slavery simultaneously reinforced the principle of a slave's loyalty to his or her master and the master's circumscribed duty of reciprocation. By their fiat a master could sell and trade their slaves, and although the Qur'an frequently encourages the ransom or mukataba of slaves as a pious practice,〔http://quran.com/2/177 Surat Al-Baqarah (The Cow) 2:177〕〔http://quran.com/9/60 Surat At-Tawbah (The Repentance) 9:60〕 the act of emancipation was not incumbent upon believers. Female slaves could not marry without their master's consent, but the Qur'an also made it clear that it was forbidden to compel female slaves to "prostitution" if they desired chastity.〔http://quran.com/24/33 Surat An-Nūr (The Light) 24:33〕 Sexual intercourse with a female slave was permissible.〔http://www.hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/136-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2008.%20Marriage/11240-sahih-muslim-book-008-hadith-number-3432.html Sahih Muslim, Chapter 29, Book 008, Number 3432 titled "It is permissible to have sexual intercourse with a captive woman after she is purified (of menses or delivery) in case she has a husband, her marriage is abrogated after she becomes captive."〕 It was also permissible to marry slave girls.〔http://quran.com/4/25 Surat An-Nisā' (The Women) 4:25〕 ==Slavery in Islam== In Islamic law, the topic of slavery is covered at great length. Muhammad's fiqh brought major changes considered to have been of far-reaching effect to the practice of it inherited from antiquity, from Rome, and from Byzantium.〔 The major juristic schools of Islam have historically accepted the existence of the institution of slavery. Arabian slaves are posited to have benefited from the Islamic reformulation, through "reforms of a humanitarian tendency both at the time of Muhammad and the later early caliphs".〔 The Quran propounds manumission to be a meritorious deed either prescribed or allowed as a condition of repentance for certain grave sins and shortcomings. Fiqh treats slavery as an exceptional circumstance, applying a rebuttable presumption of freeborn status to those of doubtful or unclear origins. Moreover, as opposed to pre-Islamic slavery, it permits the origination of enslavement in only two classes or circumstances: capture in war, or birth to parents who are themselves both already enslaved.〔"Abd" (Brunschvig, 1960). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Ed. P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.〕 Also, the innovation of the mukataba availed slaves deemed worthy an opportunity to purchase or earn their own eventual emancipation, and Islamic elevation of the status of an umm walad (a female slave who had born a child acknowledged by her master as his offspring) restricting some of the possibilities for such a woman to be enslaved to an alternative master while the child remained alive.〔〔Paul Lovejoy (2000), Transformations in Slavery. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78430-1, p.2〕 Muhammad made it legal for his men to marry their slaves and the women they captured in war, giving them full marriage rights,〔See Tahfeem ul Qur'an by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Vol. 2 pp. 112-113 footnote 44; Also see commentary on verses : Vol. 3, notes 7-1, p. 241; 2000, Islamic Publications〕〔Tafsir ibn Kathir 4:24〕 based on two chapters of the Qur'an, Al-Muminun 6 and Al-Maarij 30, which clarify permissible sexual intercourse as being with either conventional spouses or female slaves, saying literally "their spouses or what their right hands possess". Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi explains that "two categories of women have been excluded from the general command of guarding the private parts: (a) wives, (b) women who are legally in one's possession".〔http://quran.com/23 Surat Al-Mu'minūn (The Believers)〕 This practice is referred to in the Quran as ''ma malakat aymanukum'' ("what your right hands possess"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muhammad's views on slavery」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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